A Research Guide for Students

By I. Lee

Chapter 10. Works Cited, References, and Bibliography -
What's the Difference?


Works Cited is sometimes referred to as References. The terms mean the same thing. Each is an alphabetical list of works cited, or works to which you have made reference.

Works Cited and Bibliography are not the same. In Works Cited you only list items you have actually cited. In a Bibliography you list all of the material you have consulted in preparing your essay whether or not you have actually cited the work.

Entries in Works Cited, References, or Bibliography are put in alphabetical order by last names of authors, editors, translators, etc. or by first words of titles.

If the first word of the title is "The", "A", or "An", and the word is being used as an article, e.g., in the title: The Little Book of Irish Clans, the entry is placed under "Little" and the article "The" is ignored. In the title: A is for Apple, however, the entry is placed under A since A is used as a noun and not as an article in this case.

Sometimes the article "The" is used as part of the name of a company or magazine for emphasis, e.g., The Champ, or The Sports Network. For Internet sites, use the URL as a guide. If "theyellowpages" is used in the URL, treat "The" as part of the title, and list "The Yellow Pages" alphabetically under "The". If "edge" and not "theedge" is used in the URL, list the magazine title "The Edge" under "Edge" and treat "The" as an article and ignore it.

Where appropriate, a cross reference may be used to direct readers to the proper location, e.g. Yellow Pages, The SeeThe Yellow Pages.

Remember:

1. DO NOT number entries.

2. DO NOT list citations separately by categories. All references are placed in ONE ALPHABETICAL LIST by first words of citations, regardless of where citations come from.

3. Begin on a new page. Start on the 6th line from the top (or 1" down from the top of the paper), centre, and type Works Cited or References or Bibliography. Double space (or quadruple space if preferred), then type all entries in alphabetical order by the first word.

4. Begin the first line of each entry flush at the left margin. [Tab] or indent 5 spaces for second and subsequent lines of the same entry. Single-space for lines in the same entry. Double-space between entries.

Example of a Bibliography, Works Cited, or References Page:


Works Cited

Alexander Graham Bell. CD-ROM. Sydney, NS: Fitzgerald
Studio, 1996.

Crane, Nancy. Electronic Sources: MLA Style of Citation.
29 Oct. 1997. 10 Sept. 1999 <http://www.uvm.edu/
~ncrane/estyles/mla.html>.

Kalb, Claudia. "The Miracle of Motion." Newsweek 
4 Oct. 1999: 63.

Law and Order. Prod. Wolf Film in assoc. with Universal
Television. NBC Television Network. WHEC, Rochester,
NY. 25 Feb. 1998.

"Nazi Party". New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1997, 
Vol. 8, 570-571.

Penny, Nicholas B. "Sculpture, The History of Western." 
New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998, Vol. 27,
60-114.

Phillips, David. Blame It on the Westher: Strange
Canadian Weather Facts. Toronto: Key Porter
Books Limited, 1998.


Last modified: 24 October 1999

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